Alzheimer’s condition leads to the gradual deterioration of cognitive functions, particularly memory, thinking, and behavior. As the disease advances, it interferes with daily life and basic activities, eventually leading to a need for full-time care. Understanding Alzheimer’s disease, its causes, symptoms, and stages, can help in better managing and supporting those affected.
World Alzheimer’s Day is observed annually on September 21st to raise awareness and challenge the stigma surrounding Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia. The day is part of World Alzheimer’s Month, which is celebrated throughout September.
The theme for World Alzheimer’s Day 2024 is “Understanding Alzheimer’s: Bridging the Knowledge Gap.” This theme emphasizes the importance of education and awareness in combating the stigma and misconceptions associated with Alzheimer’s disease. It encourages communities, caregivers, and healthcare professionals to learn more about the condition, its symptoms, and how to support those affected.
What Causes Alzheimer’s Disease?
While the exact cause of Alzheimer’s is not fully understood, researchers have identified several factors that contribute to its development:
1. Genetic Factors: Certain genes are known to increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s, especially in individuals with a family history of the disease. The presence of the APOE-e4 gene variant is one of the most significant genetic risk factors.
2. Age: Age is the greatest known risk factor for Alzheimer’s. Most people with the disease are 65 years or older, and the risk doubles approximately every five years after age 65.
3. Lifestyle and Heart Health: Factors that affect heart health, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, and diabetes, can also increase the risk of Alzheimer’s. Poor lifestyle choices, including a lack of exercise, an unhealthy diet, and smoking, may contribute to the development of the disease.
Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease typically starts with mild memory loss that worsens over time. Symptoms can differ between individuals but commonly include:
Confusion: Disorientation about time and place, difficulty in recognizing familiar faces, or finding the right words.
Difficulty with Routine Tasks: Trouble completing everyday activities such as cooking, managing finances, or driving.
Changes in Mood and Personality: Increased anxiety, depression, confusion, and withdrawal from social activities.
Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease progresses through several stages, each characterized by a worsening of symptoms:
Mild (Early-Stage): In the early stage, individuals may still function independently but may start noticing memory lapses and difficulties in concentrating. They might forget familiar words or names and misplace objects.
Moderate (Middle-Stage): This stage is usually the longest and can last for many years. As Alzheimer’s progresses, individuals may struggle with language, reasoning, sensory processing, and conscious thought. They may also experience mood swings and behavioral changes, such as increased irritability or wandering.
Severe (Late-Stage): In the advanced stage, individuals may lose the ability to interact with their surroundings, communicate effectively, and eventually lose control over their movements.
They may require full-time care for daily activities and may lose the ability to walk, sit, and even swallow.
Types of Alzheimer’s Disease
1. Early-Onset Alzheimer’s: This type occurs in individuals under 65 and is relatively rare, accounting for about 5% of all Alzheimer’s cases. It is frequently linked to genetic changes or abnormalities.
2. Late-Onset Alzheimer’s: This is the most common type, typically developing after age 65. It is associated with a mix of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle influences.
Alzheimer’s vs. Dementia: What’s the Difference?
Alzheimer’s and dementia are terms that are often used interchangeably, but they are not the same. Dementia refers to a range of conditions characterized by a significant decline in cognitive abilities that disrupt daily functioning. Alzheimer’s disease is the leading cause of dementia, responsible for approximately 60-80% of dementia cases.
In other words, Alzheimer’s is a specific type of dementia, but not all dementia is Alzheimer’s.
